Mediating Effect of Job Experience on the Relation Between Level of Education and Moral Integrity at the Workplace
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.22555/joeed.v10i1.788Keywords:
Level of Education, Moral Integrity, Job Experience, Gender Differences, KarachiAbstract
Education plays a crucial role in the individual's critical thinking, knowledge, behavior, values, morals, and integrity and is considered an essential qualification in the workplace. On the other hand, moral integrity is to do the right thing and not to be involved in dishonest practices for personal or further gains, even when not being monitored. he presents study investigated the impact of the level of education on individuals' moral integrity and, later, its reflection in the workplace. This study also investigated the mediation effect of job experience on this relationship. Differences in moral integrity between males and females were further analyzed to compare. For data collection, three hundred and fifty-three executives from different industries were approached through convenience sampling. Data was then analyzed through SPSS 24.0 using inferential statistics. The findings showed that the educational level of employees impacts moral integrity, and the mediating effect of job experience was found significant. Moreover, no gender difference could be found, concluding that moral integrity was equally essential for employees of both genders. The study revealed the aspects that can contribute to the moral integrity of individuals, and education seemed to be the most important one. The study further strengthened the HR department to improve their hiring, placement policies and policymakers to invest in education more to combat corruption and keep moral integrity high among employees. It will also help the originations consider individuals' educational levels before hiring. Furthermore, the present study emphasized the inclusion of moral education from the very beginning, so individuals can understand the importance of morals and moral integrity.
References
Ahmad, I., Ali, A., Khan, I., & Khan, F. A. (2014). Critical analysis of the problems of education in Pakistan: Possible solutions. International Journal of Evaluation and Research in Education, 3(2), 79-84. DOI:10.11591/ijere.v3i2.1805
Amilburu, M. G. (2005). Literatura, virtudes y educación moral. Bordón: Revista de pedagogía, 57(5), 609-622.
Arfaoui, F., Damak-Ayadi, S., Ghram, R., & Bouchekoua, A. (2016). Ethics education and accounting students’ level of moral development: Experimental design in Tunisian audit context. Journal of business ethics, 138(1), 161-173. DOI:10.1007/s10551-015-2643-zhttp://www.jstor.org/stable/24755822
Ariely, D., & Jones, S. (2012). The (honest) truth about dishonesty (pp. 30367-0). New York: Harper Collins Publishers.
Associate Press of Pakistan, 2021. Retrieved from: https://www.app.com.pk/national/700-pia-employees-possessing-fake-degrees-terminated-so-far-senate-told/
Becker, T. E. (1998). Integrity in organizations: Beyond honesty and conscientiousness. The Academy of Management Review, 23(1), 154–161. https://doi.org/10.2307/259104
Blankenship, K. L., & Whitley, B. E., Jr. (2000). Relation of general deviance to academic dishonesty. Ethics & Behavior, 10(1), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1207/S15327019EB1001_1
Colby, A., and Sullivan, W. M. (2009). Strengthening the foundations of students' excellence, integrity, and social contribution. Lib. Education, 95(1), 22–29. Retrieved from: https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ861148.pdf
Colby, A., Ehrlich, T., Beaumont, E., and Stephens, J. (2003). Educating Citizens: Preparing America’s Undergraduates for Lives of Moral and Civic Responsibility. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass. Retrieved from: http://hdl.handle.net/2027/spo.3239521.0010.107
Corruption Perception Index 2021, Transparency International, retrieved from https://www.transparency.org/en/countries/pakistan
Dunn, P. C. (2009). Integrity matters. European Pharmaceutical Contractor, AUTUMN, 114–117.
Education Budget Cuts. (2022). Propakistani retrieved from: https://propakistani.pk/2022/06/12/govt-cuts-education-budget-by-1-5/#:~:text=74.609%20billion%20has%20been%20allocated,for%202021%2D22%2C%20Rs
Fakunmoju, S. (2018). Work ethic and life satisfaction among social workers in Massachusetts: the moderating effect of gender. Human Service Organizations: Management, Leadership & Governance. DOI: 42. 10.1080/23303131.2018.1464994.
Federal budget Pakistan. (2021-2022) retrieved from: https://www.finance.gov.pk/budget/Budget_2021_22/11_4_Demands_for_Grants_Appropriations_Dev_Exp_Vol_IV_2021_22.pdf
Fernández-Feito, A., Palmeiro-Longo, M. D. R., Hoyuelos, S. B., & García-Díaz, V. (2019). How work setting and job experience affect professional nurses' values. Nursing Ethics,26(1), 134-147. Doi: 10.1177/0969733017700238
Fumagalli, M., Ferrucci, R., Mameli, F., Marceglia, S., Mrakic-Sposta, S., Zago, S., ... & Priori, A. (2010). Gender-related differences in moral judgments. Cognitive Processing, 11, 219-226. Doi: 10.1007/s10339-009-0335-2.
Gea, A. A. (2014). Integritas personal dan kepemimpinan etis. Humaniora, 5(2), 950-959.https://doi.org/10.21512/humaniora.v5i2.3197
Gibbs, J. (2021). Gender differences in moral judgment and behavior. Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Psychology.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190236557.013.527
Haas, A. (2005). Now is the time for ethics in education. CPA Journal, 75(6) 66.
Halstead, J. M. (2007). Islamic values: A distinctive framework for moral education? Journal of Moral Education, 36(3), 283-296. DOI:10.1080/03057240701643056
Harding, T. S., Passow, H. J., Carpenter, D. D., & Finelli, C. J. (2004). An examination of the relationship between academic dishonesty and professional behavior. Antennas Propagation Magazine, IEEE 46. https://doi.org/10.1109/MAP.2004.1388860
Horowitz, M. (2002). Defining character integrity. J Am Psychoanal Assoc.50(2):551-73. Doi: 10.1177/00030651020500021601. PMID: 12206543
Huberts, L. W. J. C. (2018). Integrity: What it is and why it is Important. Public Integrity,20(1), 18–32. https://doi.org/10.1080/10999922.2018.1477404
Investopedia. (2022). Understanding income equality. “Education vs. Experience: Which one gets the job?” INVESTOPEDIA, Retrieved from: https://www.investopedia.com/financial-edge/0511/work-experience-vs.-education-which-lands-you-the-best-job.aspx
Iskarim, M. (2016). Dekadensi moral di kalangan pelajar (Revitalisasi strategi pai dalam menumbuhkan moralitas generasi bangsa). Jurnal Edukasia Islamika: Vol I, 1438.
Joyce, B, & Weil, M. (2003). Model of Teaching (Fifth Edition). New Delhi: Prentice-Hall of India Private Limited
Kaffenberger, M. (2012). The effect of educational attainment on corruption participation in sub-Saharan Africa (Doctoral dissertation).
Kang, M. J., & Glassman, M. (2010). Moral action as social capital, moral thought as cultural capital. Journal. https://doi.org/10.1080/03057240903528592
Karthikeyan, P. C. (2017). A meta analytical study on leadership integrity: A leadership ethics perspective. International Journal of Management, IT and Engineering, 7(4), 240–263.Retrieved from: http://www.ijmra. us.
Kennedy, J.A., Kray, L.J., & Ku, G. (2017). A social-cognitive approach to understanding gender differences in negotiator ethics: The role of moral identity. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 138, 28-44.
Kezar, A. J. (2004). Obtaining integrity? Reviewing and examining the charter between higher education and society. Rev. High. Educ. 27(4), 429–459. DOI: 10.1353/rhe.2004.0013
Koehn, D. (2005). Integrity as a Business Asset. Journal of Business Ethics, 58(1), 125–136. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-005-1391-x
Kolb, D. A. (2014). Experiential Learning: Experience as the source of Learning and Development Second Edition. FT press
Koskey, J. (2014). The centrality of character and integrity education in kenya’s institutions of higher learning. Asia Pacific Journal of Multidisciplinary Research, 2(1), 47–56. http://oaji.net/articles/2014/1543-1418694306.pdf
Kraft, C. R., & Austin, K. (2015). The character of achievement: an analysis of teachers’ instructional practices for character education. Journal of Character Education, 3(2), 109-128.
Kuh, G. D. (2010). “Maybe experience really can be the best teacher.” The Chronicle of Higher Education. Available at:https://www.chronicle.com/article/maybe-experience-really-can-be-the-best-teacher/
LaDuke, R. D. (2013). Academic dishonesty today, unethical practices tomorrow? Journal of Prof Nursing, 29(6), 402-406. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.profnurs.2012.10.009
Lewis, H. B. (1987). Introduction: Shame—the "sleeper" in psychopathology. In H. B. Lewis (Ed.), The Role of Shame in Symptom Formation (pp. 1–28). Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.
Lickona, T. (2004). Character matters: How to help our children develop good judgment, integrity, and other essential virtues. Simon and Schuster.
Lickona, T. (2013). Education for Character Mendidik untuk Membentuk Karakter Bagaimana Sekolah dapat Mengajarkan Sikap Hormat dan Tanngung Jawab. Pemenang Christopher Award 1992. Penerjemah: Juma Abdu Wamaungo. Editor Ahli: Uyu Wahyudin.
Liddell, D., & Cooper, D. (2012). Moral development in higher education. New Directions for Student Services, 139, 1–12.DOI:10.1002/SS.20018
Maragustam, S. (2020). Filsafat pendidikan islam menuju pembentukan karakter. InInspiratif Pendidikan (Vol. 6, Issue 2). https://doi.org/10.24252/ip.v6i2.5231
Mazhar, H. (2011). Good supervision key to quality education. The Dawn, Karachi, 23.
Meriac, J. P., Poling, T. L., & Woehr, D. J. (2009). Are there gender differences in work ethic? An examination of the measurement equivalence of the multidimensional work ethic profile. Personality and Individual Differences, 47(3), 209–213. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2009.03.001
Miron, J. (2022). Academic integrity in work-integrated learning (wil) settings. in: Eaton, S.E., Christensen Hughes, J. (eds) Academic Integrity in Canada. Ethics and Integrity in Educational Contexts, 1.Springer, Cham.https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-83255-1_12
Mitchell, L. A. (2015). Integrity and virtue: The forming of good character. Linacre Quarterly, 82(2), 149–169. https://doi.org/10.1179/2050854915Y.0000000001
Munro, C. & Kirya, M. (2020) Values education for public integrity. Bergen: U4 Anti-Corruption Resource Centre, Chr. Michelsen Institute (U4 Issue 2020:8)
Musschenga, A.W. (2002). Integrity - personal, moral, and professional. In: Musschenga, A.W., van Haaften, W., Spiecker, B., Slors, M. (eds) Personal and Moral Identity. Library of Ethics and Applied Philosophy, vol. 11. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-015-9954-2_8
Noelliste, M. (2013). Integrity: An intrapersonal perspective. Human Resource Development Review,12(4), 474–499. https://doi.org/10.1177/1534484313492333
Nonis, S., Swift, C. O. (2001). An examination of the relationship between academic dishonesty and workplace dishonesty: a multi-campus investigation. Journal of Educational Business,77(2), 69-77. https://doi.org/10.1080/08832320109599052
Nucci, L. P. (2001). Education in the moral domain. Cambridge University Press (Vol. 39, Issue 04). https://doi.org/10.5860/choice.39
Ong, L. T. (2021). Overcoming shortage of second-career academics in business schools.
In SHS Web of Conferences (Vol. 124, p. 11003). EDP Sciences. Doi. https://doi.org/10.1051/shsconf/202112411003
Park, G. Y. (2019). Contents for integrity education at the elementary school in South Korea using 4 components theory of morality made by J. Rest. The Journal of the Korea Contents Association, 19(11), 653-663.
Pasquerella, L. (2019). The purpose of higher education and its future. Liberal Education, 105(3-4), 2-3.https://www.aacu.org/liberaleducation/2019/summer-fall/president
Pfeffer, J. (2005). Why do bad management theories persist? A comment on Ghoshal. Academy of Management Learning & Education,4(1), 96-100. https://doi.org/10.5465/amle.2005.16132570
Pfeffer, J., & Fong, C. T. (2004). The business school ‘business’: Some lessons from the US experience. Journal of Management Studies, 41(8), 1501–1520.https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6486.2004.00484.x
Piascik, P. and Brazeau, G.A. (2010), “Promoting a culture of academic integrity”, American Journal of Pharmaceutical Education, Vol. 74 No. 6, p. 113, Doi: 10.5688/aj7406113.
Quinlan, K. M. (2011). Developing the whole student: leading higher education initiatives that integrate mind and heart. London: Leadership Foundation for Higher Education. Retrieved from: https://kar.kent.ac.uk/id/eprint/60322
Rahman, A. 2021, A critical review of fraud discourse – A case study of pakistan, ECOSAI Circular Spring Issue. Retrieved from: http://www.ecosai.org.pk/docs/circulars/ECOSAI%20Circular%20(Spring)%202021.pdf
Rahman, A., Aftab, S., & Khan, U. A. (2018). Effective moral ethics education at the undergraduate level in Pakistan: The role of curriculum. The International Research Journal of Usooluddin, 2(1), 1-11.
Rissanen, I., Kuusisto, E., Hanhimäki, E., &Tirri, K. (2018). The implications of teachers’ implicit theories for Moral Education: A case study from Finland. Journal of Moral Education, 47(1), 63-77. https://doi.org/10.1080/03057240.2017.1374244
Rujoiu, O., and Rujoiu, V. (2014). Academic dishonesty and workplace dishonesty: an overview. Proc. Int. Manage. Conf. 8, 928–938.http://conferinta.management.ase.ro/ archives/2014/pdf/91.pdf
Sax, L. J. (2000). “Citizenship development and the American college student,” in Civic Responsibility and Higher Education, ed. T. Ehrlich (Westport, CT: The American Council on Education and The Onyx Press), 3–18. DOI:10.1002/IR.110
Schlenker, B. R. (2008). Integrity and character: Implications of principled and expedient ethical ideologies. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 27(10),1078 – 1125. DOI: 10.1521/jscp.2008.27.10.1078 1591/ijere. v3i2.1805
Schuyler, K. G. (2010). Increasing leadership integrity through mind training and embodied learning. Consulting Psychology Journal, 62(1), 21–38. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0018081
Segev, A. (2017). Does classic school curriculum contribute to morality? Integrating school curriculum with moral and intellectual education. Educational Philosophy and Theory, 49(1), 89-98. https://doi.org/10.1080/00131857.2016.1194736
Setyosari, P., & Kamdi, W. (2021). Exploration of moral integrity education and superior cadre leadership at madrasah boarding school Indonesia. International Journal of Instruction, 14(4), 753-774. DOI:10.29333/iji.2021.14443a.
Siddiqui, R., & Habib, Z. (2021). Moral education at primary level in selected private schools of karachi: role of teachers and parents. Pakistan Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences, 9(2), 59–73. https://doi.org/10.52131/pjhss.2021.0901.0113
Single National Curriculum, 2020.Ministry of Federal Education Pakistan. Retrieved From: http://www.mofept.gov.pk/ProjectDetail/MzkyNDc2MjMtY2VjYy00ZDA4LTk5OTUtNzUyNDI3ZWMzN2Rm
Stephens, J. M. (2016). Creating cultures of integrity: a multilevel intervention model for promoting academic honesty. In: Bretag T (ed) Handbook of academic integrity (First, pp. 995–1008). Springer, Singapore. DOI:10.1007/978-981-287-098-8_13
Turnbull, J., Lea, D., Parkinson, D., Phillips, P., Francis, B., Webb, S., ... & Ashby, M. (2010). Oxford advanced learner’s dictionary. International Student’s Edition. https://doc1.bibliothek.li/aav/FLMA142353.pdf
Tribune (2022). https://tribune.com.pk/story/2240712/crisis-decision-making-real-test
United Nation Youth Development, (2020) retrieved from ·https://www.un.org/development/desa/youth/
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2023 Journal of Education and Educational Development

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.















